Table Of Contents

JAVATM - The Beginnings


Foreword
 1

Terminology
 2

The HelloWorld Program
 4
Section 1 - Creating and Running the HelloWorld Program 4
Section 2 - Analyzing the HelloWorld Program 5
Short Problems 6

Comments and Indentation
 8
Section 1 - Defining Java-style Comments 8
Section 2 - Defining C-style Comments 9
Section 3 - Indentation 10
Short Problems 12

Types
 13
Section 1 - Variables 13
Section 2 - Types 14
Section 3 - Primitive Types 14
Section 3a - The Integer Types 14
Section 3b - The Floating Point Types 16
Section 3c - The char Type 16
Section 3d - The boolean Type 17
Section 4 - Strings 17
Short Problems 17

Literals
 17
Section 1 - Integer Literals 18
Section 1a - Integer Literals in Different Numeric Bases 18
Section 2 - Floating Point Literals 18
Section 3 - Boolean Literals 19
Section 4 - Character Literals 19
Section 5 - String Literals 19
Short Problems 20

println and print
 21
Section 1 - Creating Longer String Literals 21
Section 2 - The Newline Character ‘\n’ 22
Section 3 - The print Method 22
Section 4 - The Tab Character ‘\t’ 23
Short Problems 24
Long Problems 24

Variables
 26
Section 1 - Keywords 26
Section 2 - Identifiers 26
Section 3 - Variable Declarations 27
Section 3a - Declaring Multiple Variables in a Single Statement 28
Section 4- Using Variable Declarations 29
Section 5- The Lifetime of a Variable 30
Section 6- String Variables 30
Short Problems 31
Long Problems 32

Constants
 34
Section 1 - Using the final Keyword to Define Constants 35
Section 2 - Constants Make your Programs Easier to Maintain 35
Section 3 - String Constants 36
Short Problems 36
Long Problems 37

Expressions
 38
Section 1 - Assignment Statements 38
Section 2 - Expressions Defined 39
Section 3 - Arithmetic Expressions 39
Section 3a - Division 39
Section 3b - Remainder 40
Section 3c - Parentheses 40
Section 3d - Order of Operations 40
Section 3e - The Unary -, ++, and -- Operators 41
Section 3f - Prefix and Postfix Form 41
Section 3g - Shorthand 42
Section 4 - Boolean Expressions 42
Section 4a - Equality 43
Section 4b - Relational Operators 43
Section 4c - Logical Operators 44
Section 5 - Bitwise Expressions 45
Section 5a - Shifting 45
Section 6 - Concatenation 46
Section 7 - String Equality 47
Short Problems 48
Long Problems 49

Conversion
 51
Section 1 - Widening Conversions 51
Section 2 - Narrowing Conversions 52
Section 3 - Conversions involving char 52
Section 4 - Conversions involving boolean 53
Section 5 - Conversions involving String 53
Section 6 - Promotion 54
Section 7 - Typecasting 54
Short Problems 55

if Statements
 56
Section 1 - The if Statement 56
Section 2 - The if-else Statement 57
Section 3 - The if-else if Statement 58
Section 4 - Statement Blocks 60
Section 5 - Nested if Statements 61
Short Problems 63
Long Problems 63

switch Statements
 66
Section 1 - switch Statements 66
Section 2 - Execution Flow in a switch Statement 67
Section 3 - The Default Case 67
Section 4 - Fallthrough in switch Statements 68
Section 5 - Sharing Statement Blocks 69
Section 6 - Switching on Strings 69
Short Problems 70
Long Problems 71

Loops
 73
Section 1 - while Loops 73
Section 2 - do-while Loops 75
Section 3 - for Loops 76
Section 3a - Decrementing for Loops 77
Section 3b - Computing a Sum with a for Loop 77
Section 3c - More Complex Exit Conditions 77
Section 3d - Performing Larger Increments per Iteration 78
Section 3e - Nested for Loops 78
Short Problems 79
Long Problems 80

Methods
 81
Section 1 - Writing Your Own Methods 81
Section 2 - Method Definition 82
Section 3 - Calling a Method 83
Section 4 - Method Parameters 84
Section 5 - Passing by Value 85
Section 6 - Returning a Value from a Method 86
Section 7 - Premature Returns 88
Section 8 - Return Statements in void Methods 88
Short Problems 89
Long Problems 89

Local Variables
 92
Section 1 - Variables Local to Methods 92
Section 2 - Variables Local to if Clauses 93
Section 3 - Variables Local to Loops 94
Section 4 - Variables Local to Arbitrary Scopes 95
Short Problems 96
Long Problems 97

Classes
 99
Section 1 - Classes Defined 99
Section 2 - Defining Your Own Classes 101
Section 3 - The Reason We Need Classes 101
Section 4 - The State of a Class 102
Section 5 - Class Fields 103
Section 5a - Determining the Fields of a Class 106
Section 5b - Default Initialization of Class Fields 107
Section 6 - Class Methods 107
Section 7 - Mutators 109
Section 7a - Validation in Mutators 111
Short Problems 112
Long Problems 113

Objects and References
 116
Section 1 - Objects Defined 116
Section 2 - Object Declarations 116
Section 3 - The new Operator 117
Section 4 - Reference Variables 117
Section 5 - Multiple References to the Same Object 118
Section 6 - String Objects are Immutable 119
Section 7 - The Java Application Programming Interface (API) 119
Section 8 - The Object Class 120
Section 8a - The toString Method 120
Section 8b - The equals Method 121
Short Problems 122
Long Problems 122

Encapsulation
 124
Section 1 - Encapsulation Defined 125
Section 2 - Accessors 126
Short Problems 128
Long Problems 128

Constructors
 130
Section 1 - Constructors Defined 130
Section 2 - Calling a Constructor 130
Section 3 - Overloading Constructors 131
Section 4 - The Default Constructor 131
Section 5 - Default Constructor Generation 132
Section 6 - Constructors with no Arguments 132
Section 7 - The this Reference 133
Section 8 - Using this to Call Another Constructor 134
Section 9 - Constructors and final Fields 134
Short Problems 136
Long Problems 137

Static Fields and Methods
 139
Section 1 - Static Fields 140
Section 2 - Static Field Declarations 140
Section 3 - Static Field Initialization 141
Section 4 - Implementing an Object Counter using a Static Field 142
Section 5 - Static versus Instance Fields 143
Section 6 - Defining Class Constants using Static Fields 143
Section 7 - Static Methods 145
Section 8 - Referencing Static Fields and Methods from Outside Defining Classes 146
Section 9 - Helper Classes 147
Short Problems 148
Long Problems 148

Passing and Returning Object References
 151
Section 1- Passing an Object Reference to a Method 151
Section 2- Modifying the Fields of a Object Passed into a Method 152
Section 3- Returning an Object Reference from a Method 153
Short Problems 155
Long Problems 155

Arrays
 159
Section 1 - Arrays Defined 159
Section 2 - Array Declarations 160
Section 3 - Array Subscripts 160
Section 4 - The Bounds of an Array 161
Section 5 - Arrays are Objects 161
Section 6 - Array Initialization 162
Section 7 - Arrays and Loops 162
Section 8 - The length Field 162
Section 9 - Array References as Class Fields 164
Section 10 - The Size of a Java Array is Constant 166
Section 11 - Enhanced For Loops 167
Section 12 - Two Dimensional Arrays 168
Short Problems 170
Long Problems 170

Arrays of Object References
 174
Section 1 - Declaring an Array of Object References 174
Section 2 - Populating an Array of Object References using Assign Statements 176
Section 3 - Populating an Array of Object References using an Initialization List 177
Section 4 - Declaring Arrays of String References 178
Section 5 - Passing an Array of Object References to a Method 179
Section 6 - Returning an Array of Object References from a Method 181
Short Problems 182
Long Problems 182

Wrapper Classes
 186
Section 1 - The Integer Class 186
Section 1a - The parseInt Method 186
Section 1b - The parseUnsignedInt Method 187
Section 1c - The toString Methods 187
Section 1d - Displaying in Different Numeric Bases 187
Section 1e - Converting to a Different Primitive Type 188
Section 1f - The MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE Constants 189
Section 1g - The min and max Methods 190
Section 1h - The toUnsignedLong Method 190
Section 2 - The Double Class 191
Section 2a - The POSITIVE_INFINITY, NEGATIVE_INFINITY, and NaN Constants 191
Section 2b - The isInfinite, isFinite, and isNaN Methods 191
Section 3 - The Float, Long, Short, and Byte Classes 192
Section 4 - The Boolean Class 193
Section 5 - Autoboxing 193
Section 6 - Unboxing 194
Section 7 - Wrapper Objects are Immutable 194
Section 8 - The Character Class 195
Short Problems 200
Long Problems 200

ArrayLists
 203
Section 1 - ArrayList Definition 203
Section 2 - ArrayList Declarations 203
Section 3 - ArrayLists Contain Object References 204
Section 4 - Adding Elements to the End of an ArrayList 204
Section 5 - Retrieving Elements from an ArrayList 204
Section 6 - Looping Through an ArrayList 204
Section 7 - import Statements 205
Section 8 - Autoboxing and Unboxing with ArrayLists 206
Section 9 - Adding Elements to an ArrayList at a Specified Index 206
Section 10 - Removing Elements from an ArrayList 207
Section 11 - Replacing an Element at a Specified Index 207
Section 12 - Finding a Value in an ArrayList 208
Section 13 - Determining if an ArrayList is Empty 208
Section 14 - Copying ArrayLists 208
Section 15 - Clearing an ArrayList 209
Section 16 - Converting an ArrayList to a Java Array 209
Section 17 - Passing an ArrayList to a Method 210
Section 18 - Returning an ArrayList from a Method 210
Short Problems 211
Long Problems 211

User Interaction
 215
Section 1 - System.in 216
Section 2 - The Scanner Class 216
Section 3 - Prompting 217
Section 4 - The nextDouble, nextFloat, nextLong, nextShort, nextByte, and nextBoolean Methods 218
Section 5 - Delimiters and the next Method 219
Section 6 - The nextLine Method 220
Section 7 - Scanner Use inside While Loops 222
Section 8 - Using a Scanner to Play a Game 223
Section 9 - Using a Scanner to Read a File 224
Section 9a - The hasNext Method 225
Section 10 - Using a Scanner to Read a String 226
Section 11 - Changing a Scanner’s Delimiter 227
Short Problems 228
Long Problems 228

String Operations
 232
Section 1 - Obtaining the Length of a String 232
Section 2 - Retrieving the Character at an Index in a String Object 232
Section 3 - Retrieving the Last Character of a String Object 233
Section 4 - Finding the Position of a Character or String in a String Object 233
Section 5 - Retrieving a Portion of a String Object 235
Section 6 - The startsWith and endsWith Methods 236
Section 7 - The isEmpty Method 236
Section 8 - The toUpperCase and toLowerCase Methods 236
Section 9 - The valueOf Methods 237
Section 10 - The trim Method 238
Section 11 - Matching a Region of two Strings 238
Section 12 - Comparing two String Objects Lexicographically 238
Section 13 - Strings and char Arrays 240
Section 14 - Replacing a Portion of a String Object 240
Section 15 - The StringBuilder Class 241
Section 16 - The StringTokenizer Class 245
Short Problems 247
Long Problems 248

Random Numbers
 251
Section 1 - The Random Class 251
Section 2 - Limiting Random Numbers to a Range 252
Section 3 - Specifying the Seed Value 252
Section 4 - The nextFloat Method 253
Section 5 - Computer Guessing Games 254
Short Problems 256
Long Problems 256

Formatting Output
 258
Section 1 - The NumberFormat Class 258
Section 1a - The getNumberInstance Method 258
Section 1a1 - Grouping 259
Section 1a2 - Rounding 260
Section 1b - The getCurrencyInstance Method 260
Section 1c - The getPercentInstance Formatter 261
Section 2 - The DecimalFormat Class 262
Section 3 - The printf Method 263
Short Problems 263
Long Problems 264

Math Operations
 266
Section 1 - The Math Class 266
Section 2 - Math Class Constants 266
Section 3 - The abs Method 267
Section 4 - The floor Method 267
Section 5 - The ceil Method 267
Section 6 - The round Method 267
Section 7 - The min Method 268
Section 8 - The max Method 268
Section 9 - The pow Method 268
Section 10 - The log, log10, and exp Methods 269
Section 11 - The hypot Method 269
Section 12 - Trigonometric Functions 269
Section 12a - The toRadians and toDegrees Methods 269
Section 12b - The sin, cos, and tan Methods 270
Section 12c - The asin, acos, and atan Methods 270
Short Problems 271
Long Problems 272

Enum Types
 274
Section 1 - Defining an Enum Type 275
Section 2 - Enum Types are Classes 276
Section 3 - The ordinal Method 276
Section 4 - The toString and name Methods 277
Section 5 - The equals Method 277
Section 6 - The compareTo Method 277
Section 7 - The values Method 278
Section 8 - Placing an Enum Type in a Separate File 278
Section 9 - Switching on an Enum Reference Variable 279
Section 10 - Enum Reference Variables as Fields in other Classes 280
Short Problems 281
Long Problems 282




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